Philosophy courses provide students with a coherent intellectual structure of study, while acquainting them with the broad diversity of ideas and approaches within the Western philosophical tradition and beyond. The curriculum covers significant periods and prominent figures in the history of intellectual thought, as well as the central subfields of philosophy and their distinctive problem sets. Though the department recognizes that a philosophy major is a valuable preparation for careers in many fields, its approach to teaching reflects a basic commitment to the idea that philosophy is best thought of as a practice and way of life.
Philosophy Courses (PHIL)
105 Meaning, Happiness, and the Good Life (4)
Examines key texts from philosophy and literature, East and  West, on the meaning of life. Students  attempt to grapple  with questions such as “Can happiness be found in the fulfillment of our  desires, or in their elimination, or in the worship and service of a universal  being? Is a meaningful life a happy life? and What does the question ‘What is  the meaning of life?’ mean?” Offered intermittently.
109 Critical Reasoning (4)
  Argument analysis and diagramming, and evaluation of everyday reasoning patterns such as emotional appeals,  appealing to sources, and  basic logic. Supplemental topics may include conscious and unconscious  thinking, advertisements, rhetorical techniques, biases, character traits of  critical thinkers, and group reasoning. Offered every fall.
 110 Perennial Questions (4)
  A  critical examination of several great  issues that confront  us in modern philosophical thought,  including the question  of the existence of God, the  nature of ultimate reality, the sources of human knowledge, the principles of  moral values, and the problems of aesthetic judgments. Offered every spring.
202 Contemporary Moral Issues (4)
  Introduces the practice of moral  reasoning through the study of representative moral theories and their  application to controversial issues in contemporary life.  Students develop the critical and analytical skills required for thinking clearly  about moral problems and forming their own conclusions about them.  Offered every spring.
203 The Examined  Life (4)
  Approaches philosophy through the  close reading and interpretation of Socratic dialogues. Engages the substance  of the dialogues, the sort of knowledge Socrates seeks, how he searches  for it, and why he thinks this search is necessary. Literary technique and the role of  rhetoric in philosophical argument are considered. Prerequisite: ENG 105 with a  grade of C or higher. Offered intermittently.
204 Philosophical Fiction  (4)
  What futures are opened and what  foreclosed by choices we make now? What assumptions constrain our thinking  about what is ultimately real, meaningful, just or good? A course of reading,  discussing and writing  about famous stories  that explore different  possibilities and imagine realms where different assumptions shape perceptions.  May be repeated for credit as the topic varies. Prerequisite: ENG 105 with a  grade of C or higher. Offered intermittently.
 209 Methods of Logic (4)
  Analysis and evaluation of  argument along with an introduction to induction, correlation and causation,  and to specific methods of argument  evaluation such as categorical logic,  propositional logic, truth tables, truth trees, and first-order logic. Background readings in the  philosophy of logic and the psychology of reasoning. Offered every spring.
212 Practical Ethics (4)
  Explores the potential of moral reasoning  as a tool for conflict  resolution and consensus  building. Through a series of practical  exercises, students learn to use moral argumentation as a means of fostering  constructive dialogue and mutual understanding. Students develop the ability to  listen carefully, distinguish real from apparent disagreements, discover common  ground, and find creative solutions to moral problems. Offered intermittently.
 221/321 Ethics and Health  Care (4)
  Foregoing life-sustaining treatment, procurement of organs and tissue for transplantation, artificial reproduction, allocation of  scarce health resources, AIDS: public health vs. private rights. Such questions  of health care confront all of us at some time both as matters of individual  concern and as issues of public policy. Students examine the ethical principles  that should undergird decisions in health care and apply these principles to  concrete cases. Offered every spring.
250 Topics in Philosophy (4)
  A  focused introduction to the practice  of philosophy that concentrates on a single  topic. Prerequisite: ENG 105 with a  grade of C or higher, or  consent. Offered intermittently.
253/353 Social and Political  Philosophy (4)
    Other humans: can’t live with  them, can’t live without them. This course surveys theoretical tools for  understanding this dilemma and specific  social issues. Topics include self and society,  friendship and justice,  authority and anarchism, democracy and other forms of government; issues such as identity  politics, social change, and political rhetoric. Identical to PHIL 353.
  Offered spring of even-numbered years.
272/372 Beyond the Western  Tradition (4)
  We live in a world characterized by multiplicity, plurality, and difference.  Students enter into frames of  reference of people with  differing experiences of, and assumptions about, the world. We are educated in  this world to the degree that we are aware of our own boundedness, and that we  become skilled in critically understanding and integrating the perspectives of  others. Examines the beliefs of Native Americans, West Africans, Chinese thinkers, and philosophers of India. Offered  every spring.
304 Environmental Ethics  (4)
    From ancient Sumer to the present,  ecological realities have required human beings to reflect on their values and  their responsibilities to nature. Students examine the relevance of philosophy  to environmental questions and, in particular, explore the connection between  the environment and ethics. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent.  Identical to ENVS
  304. Offered every fall.
309 Critical Thinking  in the Digital Age (4)
  This course teaches students how  to apply the tools of critical thinking to modern media. Special attention is  given to addressing the special  challenges posed by fake news and images,  media bias, misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy theory. Prerequisite:  Sophomore status or consent. Offered every spring.
 310 Theory of Knowledge (4)
  What is the basis of our knowledge about the world,  other people, ourselves? Focusing  on work done in the 20th century, students examine some recent  theories about the nature of human knowledge, as well as the related concepts  of truth, justification, and belief. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent.  Offered intermittently.
 315 Philosophy of Religion  (4)
    What is religion? What makes a belief or practice religious? Is there a distinctively religious form of experience? What is the function  of religious belief in the modern world? Prerequisite: sophomore status or  consent. Previously PHIL 215.
328 Buddhist Philosophy (4)
  Introduces the major themes in  Buddhist philosophy. Readings and lectures are aimed at understanding the way  Buddhist thinkers approach questions  in ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, and philosophy of mind. Course readings  are drawn from various canonical  sources that record  the teachings of the historical Buddha. These are supplemented by additional readings that discuss the development of  these teachings in various schools of Buddhist thought. Special emphasis is  placed on the Mahayana and Zen Buddhist traditions. Prerequisite: Sophomore  status or consent. Offered intermittently.
332 Ancient Greek Philosophy (4)
  An introduction to ancient Greek  philosophy. Focuses on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle; may also include the  early scientific thinkers or “pre-Socratics,” who abandoned the supernatural and the Hellenistic schools, which conceived  of philosophy as a  way to find peace of mind. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered  every fall.
 336 Modern Philosophy (4)
    An exploration of the momentous changes  in philosophy occurring in the 17th Century that defined a new era in the life of European civilization. Key themes  include the philosophical grounding of religious toleration and the emergence  of a new scientific culture. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered  every spring.
 338 19th-Century Philosophy (4)
    Surveys major trends in  post-Kantian European philosophy. Readings are drawn from the work of Fichte,  Hegel, Marx, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and others. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent.  Offered spring of even-numbered years.
340 Topics in American Philosophy (4)
  Examines pragmatism as developed by William James and John Dewey, among others. Specific  foci may change but  understanding pragmatism’s influence on the wider American culture,  especially in law and politics  is a central goal.  Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered intermittently.
350 Existential Thought (4)
  Intensive study of recent phenomenological investigation into human existence. Thinkers such as Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre, and  Merleau-Ponty are discussed. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered  every fall.
 360 Minds, Brains, and Machines (4)
  This course  explores central questions  in philosophy of mind and overlapping areas of neuroscience. What is a mind and how does it relate to the brain?  What is consciousness? Can machines think? Is a science of  consciousness possible? Students will consider diverse approaches to answering  these and other questions. Offered intermittently.
 399 Environmental Justice (4)
  What does  justice demand in this time of global climate change, environmental  degradation, and mass extinctions? Do the poor and minority communities bear a disproportionate burden? Do we have  obligations to persons not-yet-born? Do non- human animals have rights?  Should trees or rivers have legal  standing? Prerequisite: Sophomore status or consent. Offered every spring.
400 Philosophy Seminar  (4)
  An in-depth study of the work of a single major philosopher or of a specific topic in philosophy. The figure or topic changes with each offering. Contact the  department chair for the current selection. Prerequisite: Sophomore status or  consent.
  Offered intermittently.
450 Ethics, Data,  and Technology (4)
  This course explores the intersection of ethics and contemporary data science, with special attention  to the implications of AI and autonomous technologies for  society. Discussion topics include racial bias in machine learning, the black  box problem, mass surveillance, privacy, autonomy, technological unemployment,  and moral responsibility for autonomous systems.
  Offered intermittently.
480 Research in Philosophy (4)
  Capstone course for the philosophy major. Students conduct  a research project  of their own design, under faculty supervision, that culminates in an oral  presentation, an extensive essay and  a viva voce examination. Students must have completed most of the requirements  for the major before taking this course. Consent Required. Offered  intermittently.